(draft – March 2014)
It refers to a superior scheme that performs over what NIF – Livermore has done so far and that we can do at Magurele in an infinitely cheaper configuration using acetylene. Disappointed by the performance and use of the 192 lasers by Livermore technicians, I have been trying to find a new, affordable solution Romania that will be cheaper and performance. By carefully analyzing the NIF’s “arsenal”, I quickly discovered the “mistakes” of those there and then set up a lot of solutions and innovations – well superior to those currently developed by American researchers. I have developed complementary solutions to bring even more energy to their experiments, and this without significantly impressing / compelling the original design and resisting their spherical chamber – such as for example placing the hohlraum in the middle of a disc of 18 mm in width and 340 mm in diameter and which, before being irradiated with the lasers, can be hit by more than 280 km/s by a 9 mm CNT-Cu cylindrical foil accelerated to hohlraum inside this disk by an electromagnetic discharge to finally achieve a photonic shot of 3,48 Kev and 400 picoseconds obtained by the impact of the sheet with the golden walls of the hohlraum which thus transforms into a plasma mirror for the blue lasers. If we also add the energy of these lasers without problems, the fusion of deuterium can be routed directly. Or each laser generates by ablation an ultra-rapid plasma carbon jet that is guided toward the center of a small iridium structure – jets obtained by irradiating each laser of space between special ultra-thin cones arranged like those of a hedgehog. These jets converge through very narrow channels to the center of the structure. Especially for Livermore I have basically designed a series of 11 experiments for the camera with lasers – all caught in a larger project called generic PROIEKT MATRIOSKA. The most special experiment in this project is designed to develop – a hard to believe but true thing – a photonic shot of 2 picoseconds, 1.4 microns in diameter and with a peak load of 2 x 1025 W/cm2 based only and only on the basis of an intelligent arrangement that initially implies a very high-voltage electric discharge and no input of nuclear origin throughout the experiment. Only pure chemical energy transformed into electric current and …. no more ! In the second version of the project below, the costs are ridiculous – that is, about 35,000 euros per draw when comparing them with those from Livermore where even the costs of staffing from administration and cleaning do not fit in this amount. Honestly, now I’m sorry for the gentlemen of the NIF who, after investing billions in the huge lasers, to come someone from Bucharest and whisper them so … shy …… you know … look here … this experiment runs even the CNO cycle without problems and costs about … a thousand times less than what you have in California! And if you want and you want you can reach the nickel too!
* 3-4 shots a week, 22 permanent employees – lens sphere designed to withstand 400 ‘draws’.
Since 2011 I have asked myself – what is the form of energy that mankind can manipulate most easily? Well…. what is it? Well … the light is! No other form of known energy is easier to handle than light. In technical terms, incredibly fast photon throws obtained by impact and concentrated on very small surfaces allow for net concentrations of energy superior to the most advanced magnetic accelerators of the moment! And costing tens of billions of euros! And how can you handle the light? Using intelligent and realistic arrangements, you just have to go straight into the heart of the light source. And the best of the best for this is the decomposition of acetylene and/or acetylene combustion, ie acetylene oxidation reaction in the presence of oxygen or ozone. Apparently, certain wavelengths will not be reflected by the aluminum being partially absorbed by it but especially by the large mass of the reactants. The acetylene explosion accompanied by light or chemiluminescence of acetylene is obviously well-known and highly studied. But what surprised me is that no one has used it for fusion purposes so far.
The first project variant – ÎRTÎȘ Experiment
We need a 6 x 12 m ovoid bubble on the outside and 5 x 10 m indoors (truncated paraboloid spheroid f/0.25) filled with argon or nitrogen and the balloon with about 88 m3 of acetylene and oxygen up close by the detonation limit. This acetylene balloon is nesting inside a bigger balloon neon-filled and aluminized 620 x 1,240 cm interior, and its shape must be high enough to focus on the ablative sheet the light emitted by acetylene combustion. Both sides of the acetylene filled balloon is made of very thin polyethylene. In the geometric center of this arrangement is an olive glass hohlraum with internal dimensions 1.4 x 2.8 mm and external 2.4 x 4.8 mm filled with 2.4 mg of LiD + LiT. This ovoid glass, depending on the design chosen, can be made from pure beryllium or beryllium oxide, lithium oxide, potassium bromide, diamond, cadmium fluoride, fluoride lead (8.4 g/cbm ), lutetium oxide (9.4 g/cbm density) or simply gold. Material selection will be based on the fusion reaction parameters, the main parameter being the emission of fast neutrons. For example, for the aneutronic boron-hydrogen fusion reaction gold is the best choice, because the absorption of alpha particles is much faster. Glass olives are placed in a very thin (micronic) carbon steel that hangs with tungsten wires inside a rigid carbon-like ovoid structure and uses sandwich ablative material Carbon Vantablack – This carbon structure is lined on the inside with a 4 gram gold leaf pierced in several places by the tungsten micrometer yarns. The inner space is filled with hydrogen (10 mg) at acetylene pressure. Ablative (carbon) olives naturally fall into the helium atmosphere right in the center of the ensemble. If the olive is pure gold, the carbon cocoon becomes useless for tungsten micronic wires caught directly by the olive. The “direct-drive” energy calculation premise is that a maximum of 840 MJ per gram of compound (DT) is required for a nuclear primer, going on a bivalent fusion scheme = compression followed by the rapid increase of entropy rather than the “classic” total inertial confinement. In the acetylene balloon there is a golden yarn or CNT-Cu placed on the long axis and through which a very fast electrical discharge of voltage and high amperage passes, current passing through the ablative carbon structure without affecting it, however, due to its high amperage of this and its dimensions. The balloon rests on a carbon net, which in turn is supported by a lightweight rigid structure. The structure is supportive and the multi-mesh mesh for the fineness of the roundness of the balloon that must collimate on the ablative layer the light radiation generated by the decomposition of acetylene. Collimation requirements obviously have to be exceptional – close to the level of mirrors used by professional telescopes. That’s why this second draft is somewhat more expensive than the first. The net is covered on the side of the balloon with a sacrificial material that will “go” with the burst blow. Acetylene was in a polyethylene bubble, and in turn it was filled with neon for the non-oxidation of aluminum – in the last 40 ns compressed and / or radiated x-ray neon radiates red-orange light. Neon layer I chose to have 10 cm thick to make sure that the shock wave generated by acetylene detonation does not touch the aluminum layer that it can irreversibly damage (1 cm would still be enough). The whole set is in a larger enclosure with the normal but pressurized atmosphere and where the pressure equals that of the balloon (nearly 2 atm) to avoid unnecessary stresses in the balloon sheet. Although light is practically generated throughout the acetylene mass, there will also be light rays that will come directly from the long axis of the ovoid and perpendicular to it and which will be focused towards the geometric center of the ovoid of the ovoid aluminum. Once generating light rays that will not reach the geometric center for the first time, they will travel inside the aluminized balloon until they finally reach the center of the ovoid. Obviously, we will have refractions in passing from one gas environment to another, but we can not take them into account due to the large size of the ablative ova. The average number of reflections is an integral function that depends on the position in which the light ray and incidence (reflexive) angle was generated from the ovoid surface. How does assembly work? The golden yarn is detonated by a small electrical pulse generator, the 220 Mj light bulb decomposes or rapidly ignites acetylene across the sphere. The photonic shot from the incandescent wire passes through the entire acetylene mass, activates the combustion and then strikes the aluminized walls of the balloon so that in the end it has not been absorbed to be focused on the ablative olive, thus taking part in the total energy calculation. Variation of acceleration by ablation is a bit atypical to other experiments of this type because we initially have a weak wound, but supplemented by the golden thread for later, as the ablative surface decreases the concentration of light to grow. Acetylene from the balloon releases through combustion up to 2,700 Mj if the balloon is filled up to the detonation limit. In the first 600 microseconds, about 170 Mj from acetylene decomposition + 80 Mj golden radiation will be focused on Vantablack (or similar) carbon sandwich which by ablation quickly accelerates 4 grams of gold. After that follows for 250 microseconds the main flash with a release of about 550 Mj focus on the ablative layer. Immediately after ending of main flash sequence the impact of gold leaf with central olive is taking place. Which means that in fact not all the released energy is used, but only a third party of it? But…. ablation itself is accompanied by light emitted. The obvious phenomenon is extremely complicated but in general during the ablation phenomenon, about 30% of this emission returns back to the ablative layer in the reflection window of the aluminum. After the ablative material is vaporized over the last millimeters of the gold leaf before the impact with the olive will be vaporized and a part of the gold leaf that turns into its ablative layer – but with lower carbon performance, hydrogen already present turns in plasma that quickly and uniformly fills the inner space between the olive and the golden impact foil – the role of hydrogen plasma is to create a “pillow” to help spread the energy of the golden impact sheet more uniformly. Due to the ablative performances of carbon-neutral gold, the calibration should be carefully done so that the impact of the impact film lasts evenly or slightly less than the acetylene light flash. In any case, an experimental variant can be considered in which up to 80% of the impactor sheet material is subjected to ablation when the nuclear mix is one with higher confinement requirements (B-H fusion). During the gold leaf race, the radiation dissipated from the vaporized and removed material returns partially back to the center of the ovoid as this material slows down the mass of acetylene derivatives – practically – at least during 85% of the path the dissipated energy is returned over 75% of the aluminum reflective layer on the ovoid walls – this is one of the benefits of this design. Only the final X rays will no longer be reflected by aluminum – that’s why neon is needed to make shifting to the light-weight spectrum of aluminum. The nuclear primacy is given by the impact of the golden leaf that collides concentrically and uniformly with more than 388 km / s of beryllium oliva, the energy released being over 300 Mj the rest of the energy released by the acetylene dissociation being present at the increasing temperature of the derivatives (the increase of the entropy through the radiation absorption). As the emission peak (around 50% of the total energy) of acetylene combustion is about 1 microsecond and as 50% of the mass is less than 40 cm from the outer balloon – we have the following phenomenon – as the light is generated in the mass of acetylene and reaches the surface of the carbon structure where its absorption differs obviously depending on the incidence angle. The dynamics of acceleration and subsequent impact is extremely complex (obviously not here fully presented) – if initially the ablative pressure is about 1 Mbar, it then increases rapidly to over 104 Mbar, thus increasing the acceleration of the gold leaf. Just before impact due to ablative acceleration, the golden impact sheet reaches a density of about 58 grams per cubic meter, which is about 3 times greater than normal and a thickness at impact of about 1.6 mm. The “impact” itself is EXTREM complex and translates in fact by a rapid compression of the oil up to the point where the pressure is accompanied by the increase of up to 14 times the density of the golden layer at the limit of contact with the oliva but also about 240 times the amount of oil on contact with the nuclear mixture, its complete ionization and compression to the moment of detonation all accompanied by the rapid hydrogenation metallisation which has 3 functions in this design – the compressor, the alpha stopper and the reflector along with the gold of radiation X coming from compressed olives, hydrogen is high density (about 400 grams per cubic meter) and already fully metallized prior to the priming of the nuclear mix. The primer consists of an ultra-fast compression followed immediately by an ultra-short X-ray burst of about 5 nanoseconds with a peak of 100 picoseconds. The X-ray radiation charge of about 80 Mj raises the temperature of the lithium-deuterium-tritium plasma to 110 million Celsius when detonation occurs immediately. The temperature would increase but the first fusion reactions occur massively after 55 mil Kelvin degrees and increase rapidly as the number of energy released by the first alpha particles quickly equals the force of compression of the oil. If we take into account that the first fusion reactions occur around 40 miles Kelvin then we can say that the thermonuclear fire is ignited and consumed in about 70 picoseconds long before the plasma reaches the maximum possible temperature due to X radiation and compression – 400 mil. Degrees Celsius. The detonation is thus accomplished by the ultra-rapid compression of the beryllium olive in the expansion and the super-rapid heating of the nuclear mixture. Immediately after the impact and the start of beryllium oxide compression, there are two main intercalated sequences – the first in which the plasma of the mix reaches a maximum compression up to 380 Gbar and the second sequence in which the highly compressed olive becomes completely opaque and the absorption in the olive and in the metallic hydrogen layer of the alpha particles is total and where the first microns of the golden foil and the metallic layer of hydrogen and less beryllium fully reflect X-ray radiation in the interior thereby accelerating the fusion process. The moderation of the 14.1 MeV neutrons is primarily made by the already metallized and less efficient hydrogen by beryllium, the hydrogen performance being about 3 times better. Beryllium in turn efficiently multiplies the number of neutrons by accelerating the 6Li + n fusion reaction At the time of detonation, the entire amount of nuclear mixture is enclosed in a 150 x 220 micrometer ovoid surrounded by another ovoid composite that is highly compressed with the size of about 680 x 1,020 microns. Virtually the gold that surrounds beryllium olives is extremely effective in the role of trapping X and less gamma radiation. Practically, the bright flash of the nuclear explosion occurs only after the complete evaporation of the golden cocoon that now surrounds the beryllium-transformed olives. What is very special with this design and what makes it superior to everything that has been done so far in America is the fact that we have, besides the classic D + T fusion and yet another over 48 fusion reactions – basically we will get silicone as the ultimate product that will also merge into it. Why? Because unlike American laborers in this experiment, the helium is stuck inside a real high-density gold cocoon and whose inertia prevents rapid drop in pressure and temperature. In other words, the 4.4 grams of super-dense and super-hot gold, beryllium and oxygen plasma do not expand fast enough to talk about a significant increase in indoor volume during the other 25 picoseconds reaches the fusion of silicon. In fact, the internal volume in which the fusion reactions occur increases about 5 times – the pressure and temperature still remaining in the order of MeV and above 1,000 Tbars – that is high enough to run including silicon fusion. An important role in this latency is played by the absorption of X-rays and gamma by the golden cocoon that becomes very hot and has the tendency to compress the mixture in full nuclear evolution. Thus, in less than 95 picoseconds – passing through certain reactions in the CNO cycle – all the fusion reactions to iron and nickel take place, including detonation of the deuterium and tritium mixture. The experiment is over-sized so that after the merger we get only 840 MJ of energy, equivalent to about 200 kg of TNT – enough that the external carbon structure will resist deflagration and the experiment can be carried out again. In fact, the energy released by the fusion reaction is almost 4 times less than the energy released by the combustion of acetylene itself. The reflective foil (the balloon itself) is obviously sprayed in a very large room, but the adjacent carbon structure will survive. This experiment can run over 2,000 combinations of nuclear + olivia + impactor + ablator combinations, virtually all of the major fusion reactions being validated. But the big disadvantage of this type of experiment is that the final elements obtained from the merger will be recovered quite hard at the end of the experiment.
In conclusion – in an ovoid reflective balloon filled with acetylene the light generated by its burning reaches an ablative carbon layer which by ablation of the material accelerates a gold foil to a beryllium oxide glass filled with a nuclear mixture. Impact energy compresses, warms and detonates nuclear fuel in a clearly over-sized experiment. The assembly may also contain an ultra-rapid electric flow passing through a layer of gold deposited on the face of the glass surface (“magnetic bottle”), the plasma column resulting from the vaporization of the initial golden yarn being not completely disintegrated and thus allowing a second electrical discharge. Plasma transformed into plasma due to electric shock and subsequently compressed by impact will increase the kinetic energy conversion rate in X radiation for a final output of up to 120 Mj in about 220-240 picoseconds. Larger balloons can be used to carry out more difficult fusion reactions. This experiment has the advantage of a very high amount of energy. Even bigger balloons can be used to carry out more difficult fusion reactions. Also other gaseous mixtures can be used such as a 200 torr mixture of ethane + oxygen + argon to obtain a light flash with a peak charge of about 20 microseconds. This experiment has the advantage of the very large amount of energy available. The disadvantages of this experiment are the high collimation requirements of the aluminized balloon and the difficulty of collecting the final fusion products. These deficiencies are solved by the KATUN experiment and in an extremely advanced design by the BIYA experiment.
The second project variant – KATUN Experiment
This option comes in response to a major requirement – the recovery of new merger items. Even if this experiment is over-dimensioned from the energy point of view, it will always try to obtain macroscopic quantities of the order of the micrograms. Although the BIYA experiment is much more advanced, KATUN is also needed as a simple, cheap and efficient solution for the development of some nuclear fusion reactions.
Components are the following from the outside to the inside:
– a larger chamber with a pressure equal to that of the explosive mixture
– a network of about 400 carbon yarns to grasp a solid glass inner sphere
– a spherical indoor aluminum ball with a diameter of 260 cm and filled with neon
– a second polyethylene bottle with 256 cm outer diameter and the innermost 144 cm filled obviously filled with 7.22 m3 of acetylene and oxygen at a pressure ranging between 1.2 and 1.9 atmospheres and with an energy potential up to 224 Mj. In practice, however, the two above balloons will be in the form of 24 large bags of 65 cm deep each, which reach the surface of the glass sphere and once assembled take the form of a sphere and obviously have the layers arranged above the very walls the thin inner sacks are clearly transparent and between these walls there is the electrical network and the connectors for the yarns inside the sacks. The space inside each bag of acetylene and glass will be filled with argon. The distance of about 7 centimeters, which is to travel after the explosion to the glass sphere, is less than the 2 cm that must be straightened up to the outer aluminum layer. Once the outer foil of the balloon has been sprayed, the pressure drops rapidly on the internal layer argon and virtually the sphere of glass is hit by a shock wave of several hundred atmospheres, which obviously can withstand successfully. Practically we have a rapid compression of argon followed by a slower decompression of the argon. In any case, the main shock wave does not have time to reach the bottle because it starts argon decompression by spraying the aluminized exterior balloon.The walls of the bags that come in contact with the lens sphere will need to be covered with an aluminum coat of about 82 nanometers to keep the light inside the system for 1 millisecond during which about 135 Mj are released. Once aluminium layer vaporized we have for a photonic main pulse of about 400 nanoseconds and 105 Mj of light energy that reaches the ablative sphere, the rest of the energy released by the combustion being found in the mass of reactants. Virtually not all the energy stored in the bags will be used. Also other gaseous mixtures can be used such as a 200 torr mixture of ethane + oxygen + argon to obtain a light flash with a peak charge of about 20 microseconds where the presence of argon allowed to used a larger range of lens glasses.
If we are using a reflective layer the argon must be replaced by helium and in this case the aluminum vaporized layer will mix with the helium plasma atmosphere and the vaporized reactants obtained by decomposing polyethylene. This extremely hot mixture requires lenses to be coated with a potassium bromide glass layer or other soft-touch protective layer (sacrifice) as transparent as possible, but with a narrower transmission spectrum then lens. More intense photonic pulses – of about 100 picoseconds and 1018 W/cm2 – can be obtained by impacting the spherical foil with another thin and dense spherical foil. Ablative pressure up to 10 Gbar thus can be obtained.
– inside each bag there is a carbon / tungsten wire mesh placed so that half of the mass of the mixture is inward and half inwards relative to the position of the threads so that the light shocks are absorbed by equal masses of the reactants
– a 130 cm diameter sphere composed of 812 aspheric hexagonal lenses f/6.5 (no overlapping) CaF2 (calcium fluoride) with a diameter of about 10 cm each (obviously will be present also some pentagonal lenses). These spheres are in fact formed from two parts – the body itself and a “cap” consisting of 30 hexagons in the upper part that is removed whenever it is necessary to place in the geometric center of the sphere the sphere of material ablative and small sphere of gold that keeps the nuclear mix. Each lens has a protective glass coating either from CaF2 or from sapphire. The birefrigence of the latter does not bother us much because of the relatively large dimensions of the ablative sphere. The focus of each lens could not be exactly on the geometric center of the sphere but after it so that the diameter of the light spot of each lens on the ablative sphere in the “start” position is about 2/3 of the total diameter of the sphere and so that this spot covers a surface that – with focus on the center – would have been the equivalent of 46 lenses (f/7.4 – f/9.2 and SHG system installed). Why is this overlapping needed? First of all, for design-related technical reasons, the lens support and reinforcement structure must be strong enough to ensure the dimensional stability of the composite lens sphere. Relative vacuum in the sphere significantly contributes to its stability. Also because different photonic discharges can occur on each lens which will eventually result in different rejections of ablative material – so at different accelerators and ultimately the inner sphere of the nuclear mix will not be hit evenly concentric golden sphere in spherical shape but in the form of spheroid with irregular surface. If the differences are great, breaks of the golden impact sheet can occur and practically the experiment ends quickly with a glorious failure. These differences in impact can lead to uncompromised compression and irradiation of the nuclear mixture and even to the failure of the nuclear primer. Given that absolutely every point on the ablative sphere is illuminated by at least 40 average energy lenses of all of these exposures – that is, overlapping ensures an almost perfect compression of the nuclear mixture by impact and irradiation. This geometry certainly has the disadvantage apparently at some point – as the diameter of the ablative sphere decreases, it may become smaller than the diameter of the lens’s focus and so some of the energy remains unused. In fact, this is not the case because at the moment of impact with the gold sphere hosting the nuclear mixture its diameter is just a little larger than the diameter of the lens spot in that place. Even if the diameter would still decrease and become much smaller than the diameter of the lens focused lens, the rest of the light that would not reach the ablator would reach…. to the lens on the opposite side and back there in the mass of acetylene, oxygen and their derivatives after combustion – so they would not be lost.
– a sphere of ablative material (there are dozens of combinations and sizes) that push inwards a gold foil of about 180 milligrams. The ablative sphere is supported by dozens of micrometric wires of the inner structure of the glass lens sphere.
– a golden sphere of variable dimensions that contains within it
– another sphere of a nuclear mix – we are talking about dozens of combinations of nuclear fuels
How does this experiment work?
The ablative sphere is inserted into the sphere of glass in which the gold sphere containing the nuclear mixture has been assembled. Put the glass cover. The weight of this and good sealing ensure good lateral operability. It goes to the helium pumping through the upper part and to the air purging in the chamber through the bottom. It is then passed to the sphere of helium already inserted. Obviously an absolute vacuum will not be achieved nor is it absolutely necessary. A low pressure of several torr is more than satisfactory. Why do we need a rare atmosphere inside the sphere? Because the material ejected by ablation does not meet the resistance (pressure) when it expands to the inner surface of the glass sphere. It is very important to insert the bags partially filled with acetylene and oxygen, taking care not to cause mechanical, thermal or light shocks. After that must pumps in a controlled and synchronized manner oxygen and acetylene and air into the experimental outer chamber.After reaching the desired pressure, an electric current of high amperage and voltage and very short duration through electric wires is passed. The flashing light synchronously ignites the entire mass of acetylene. The concentric light beam released by acetylene combustion reaches the ablative material that accelerates the gold leaf to speeds up to 285 km/s for standard configuration and up to 508 km/s if two other innovations are implemented. The impact of the gold leaf with the golden sphere detonates the nuclear mix inside it, regardless of what it is up to Li + He including. Much of the energy of fusion of elements is released outward in the form of a luminous flash. Ablation residues are those that in turn absorb some of the X and gamma radiation and purge it outdoors in the allowed spectrum of CaF2. Part of the gamma radiation is the isotropic crystalline fluoride glass cover in Cherenkov radiation, which also escapes to the outside. The small amount of detonated nuclear fuel, the relatively large inner surface of the lens sphere, and the great endurance of the lens, ensure that the experiment is carried out hundreds of times. Also – for a larger number of “pulls”, lenses can be made entirely of sapphire. At the end, remove the lid and collect the newly obtained elements and proceed to their spectroscopic and mass analysis. If there are gases (eg helium), they are purged without removing the cover. Other two technological innovations can be applied to this design but are not mentioned here.
Simple not? ….
The third project variant – BIYA Experiment
….. will follow …