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the experimental base for obtaining of transuranic elements
A. Introduction
This project is designed to obtain transuranic elements from both islands of stability where the “missing” neutrons are supplied either by ECP process or by a plasma enriched with thermal/fast neutrons.
Project THE ISLAND – the big toy for big boys of physics.
Over well known methods there are another 3 main methods to obtain transuranic (ZETA-X) atoms from both islands of stability and further from Seaborg arch (bridge)
1. By standalone cascade ECP and high velocity ion-ion collisions – Experiment “LEVROV” – is about an advanced ALPAN design where an arrangement of an electrical & optical moved conical foil made by CNT-Cu will create an ultra fast hot plasma jet (5,800 km/s) hitting an opposite similar jet inside an ultra-hot high density electron column cloud of an average temperature of 2 MeV. The inner side of foil is coated with a micron layer of 298114Fl in order to obtain 598200Cp (Carpathium 200). The base of Experiment LEVROV is experiment PRIMORIE.
2. By means of ultra-high levels of pressure and temperature:
– Experiment NOVAIA ZEMLEA – or the “Empty Sun” experiment – done by quasi-spherical pure compression based to direct-drive irradiation inside a special chamber – SPHERA BOGOV. This is a non-destructive experiment – The “Sphere of Gods” remaining intact after each shot.
– Experiment SEABORG – The “Sphere Trap”– 422 special cold gold slugs of 220 mm length and 1,1 mm diameter are pushed with more than 400 km/s trough narrow channels inside a 60 cm diameter heavy metal sphere in order to compress a tiny “onion” sphere filled with transuranic elements
– Experiment SEVERNAIA ZEMLEA – is about an ELEKTRAN enhanced arrangement of an electrical moved cylindrical foil made by CNT-Cu which compress and ignites a DT compound. Few picoseconds before ignition inside the ultra-hot electron-ion plasma column are shouted one against other ultra fast jets (5,800 km/s). The inner side of ablated foils can be coated with a micron layer of 298114Fl respectively 14962Sm in order to obtain 447154Ul – Uralium 447.
3. Snowball method – accelerated by special ions guns high velocity jets of heavy ions like 24696Cm will interfere with multiple high velocity beams of ions (neutron enriched) shoot it under certain angles – Experiment “RUSKAYA DAROGA”
Experiment “NOVAIA ZEMLEA” (or the “Empty Sun” experiment)
Experiment NOVAIA ZEMLEA – or the “Empty Sun” experiment – done by quasi – spherical pure compression based to a direct-drive irradiation inside a special chamber – SPHERA BOGOV. This is a non-destructive experiment – The “Sphere of Gods” remaining intact after each shot. In this experiment we can obtain ultra-high levels of pressure (2,000 Tbars) and temperature (1011 K ) done by 2-3 stages “cold” ultra-fast quasi – spherical compression followed by irradiation with high energy gamma photons of different arrangements of heavy and transuranic elements. There are at least 800 variantes of this experiment if we refer to ions types and energies involved.
By using ALPAN design based to RECUD technology a special spherical foil is accelerated up to 2,200 km/s over a sphere with a radius of 84 mm. The accelerated foil is named HVAS (High Velocity Ablation System) and impacted spherical layer is named TIMS (Thermonuclear Ignition Multilayer System). Overlapping of ALPAN cells energy by a factor of x40 over HVAS and high engineering of TIMS will assure a high synchronous impact (less than 2 picoseconds deviation for 99.9 % of DD initial fusion reactions). Due to impact a thin layer of nuclear fuel is compressed and ignited. During a very brief sequence (22 ps) the nuclear fusion energy released is used for inertial compression of the inner layer of TIMS done by the ultra-fast ablation of TIMS middle layer. All these are happened in vacuum. An “empty” Sun will appear and an explosion will occur. The inner layer of TIMS is compressed over a tiny “onion” sphere (deuterium ice+thalium foil+ hydrogen ice+gold foil+inner sphere made by a mixture of ZETA-X elements)
HVAS – High Velocity Ablation System – is a generic denomination which in my documents is always referring to a spherical multilayer arrangement used to accelerate an inner layer of different materials up to high velocities. The linear version is called CONAB (Conical Ablator). HVAS structure may differ from a specific experiment to other and thus is not a fixed one. For the purpose of this experiment HVAS consist of:
- nano-shell honeycomb ablator layer
- DMMS (Dynamic Multilayer Mirroring System)
- HEC (High Energy Converter) layer
TIMS – Thermonuclear Ignition Multilayer System – is a generic denomination of a spherical arrangement ……….. will continue .
Experiment “SEABORG”(the “Sphere Trap”)
By ablation of 422 special conical foils high velocity cold gold slugs of 220 mm length and 1,1 mm diameter are pushed with more than 400 km/s trough narrow channels inside a 68 cm diameter heavy metal sphere in order to compress a tiny “onion” sphere (deuterium ice+thalium layer+ hydrogen ice+gold foil+inner sphere made by a mixture of Curium and Flerovium) where 24696Cm (Curium 246)and 298114Fl (Flerovium 298) will fuse inside a neutron enriched ultra-hot and ultra-dense bath and where neutrons are partially thermalized by metallic hydrogen. Thus can be obtained – among other elements = 544184Bm (Baikalium 544) which remain trapped inside the sphere due to a proper sealing mechanism. The sphere itself also can be compressed by explosive lens detonated after formation of gold slugs. Inside each channel xenon will act as compressor. A macroscopic sample of 8,8 mg of Baikalium can be obtained based to the original energy of more than 280 Gj. This experiment have at least 185 variants – one of these has as core an aluminium 27 sphere of 4 mm diameter filled with hydrogen ice mixed with nano-powder of diferrent transuranic elements and where the arrival of neutrons in hydrogen core from a “hard-to-ignite” fuel is happened immediately before aluminium detonation and further hydrogen core compression. Thus can be explained why is necessary from time to time so much compression which can be up to 410 Pbar for a shrinked core of 60 micrometri diameter. The cold gold slugs generation and the mechanism of elongation are not hereby explained – just because even if a single gold slug pushed by the energy of 280 kg device and properly cold elongated easily can generate a pressure of 220 Tbar which is much more than enough to compress and detonate a small quantity of deuterium ……… will continue .
Experiment “PRIMORIE”
Experiment PRIMORIE – is referring to induce beta plus transmutation by electron capture process (ECP) done by protons and then to fuse the obtained ions at relative low temperatures. The process itself is done by ablation, implosion and collimation of electrons from an anisotropic neutral plasma done by a concentric photonic wave and a strong magnetic field on a narrow axis in order to obtain a very hot (at least 2 MeV) electron column, which later is stroked by high velocity ions which eventually may fuse at lower temperatures than those predicted.
The main idea of this experiment is to obtain isotopes of transuranic elements enriched in neutrons with half-time life long enough to fuse in certain conditions with other transuranic isotopes enriched or not with neutrons. The enrichment in neutrons can be done via electron capture process done by protons inside 2 MeV electron plasma.
B. Configuration of main version from outside to inside (version nr.1) :
Cylindrical foil accelerated by explosives compress tungsten plasma with more than 40 km/s in order to obtain a peak of 40 picoseconds of light flash.Hydrogen at 0.2 torr is used as compressor.
Beryllium oxide non-transparent foil of 5 microns which also is acting for a while as electrical insulator.
Cylindrical tungsten foil of 8 microns (round capillarity), 16 grams, disposed between sapphire and outer beryllia foil.
One CaF2 glass cylinder 320/314 mm x 104 mm length.Inside CaF2 cylinder is vacuum.
One cylindrical copper foil 18 µm thick placed inside CaF2 cylinder and acting as electron source = 40 mm in diameter with ceramic distance keepers inserted, length 104 mm – weight 2.1 grams
Also in some versions on axis of vacuum chamber can be found a wire acting as a stopper and stabilizer.
2 lasers 2,2 MJ each, 12-14 microns diameter at the ends of electron column which stop the spread of electrons for about 400 ns. This wire in some versions may contain transuranic elements.
C. Short description of main version – 55 picoseconds before impact on axis an imploding copper plasma suffer partial electron spallation (removal) by means of a 40 picoseconds ultra-intense fotonic flash which concentrate for a very brief secquence all electrons inside a 2 MeV temperature and 2 microns diameter electron plasma column which will be kept in place at least 20 picoseconds before rapid expansion . In this electron ultra-hot column high velocities jets of different elements are shots in order to develop ECP and later to fuse. Transuranic elements thus can be obtained. The main part of bremsstrahlung radiation of electron plasma column is mirrored by an initial 12 microns diameter copper plasma from which not all electrons was removed by spallation. This mirroring is responsible for this long life of 20 picoseconds of electron plasma column. Finally also the ions strike the axis for a brief sequence of about 3,2 kev and where the electrons-ions transfer of energy has a key role.
1. A main electrical discharge of 1.000 MJ for a brief sequence of 4 ns will melt, vaporize and partially ionize the tungsten foil. The tungsten plasma is compressed up to 110 Mbar and 2 microns thick and a light pulse of 18,000 J/cm2 is issued for about 40 picoseconds. Thus an intensity of 1.2 x 1019 W/cm2 strikes plasma copper at about it 12 microns diameter. This intensity is just enough to remove mostly of the electrons and to concentrate them on axis in a narrow 2 microns diameter electron plasma . The Cherenkov radiation issued by calcium fluoride under gamma and X-ray radiation will not count in final balance of power calculation.
2. Before tungsten plasma comppresion an electrical discharge of 100 MJ = 4 ns in opposite direction of tungsten foil electrical discharge will partially ionize copper foil and a plasma cloud will implode radially toward the axis due to the J x B force for a final velocity of 110 km/s. Of course better results can be obtained by using CNT-Cu foil. The cylindrical liner has a global magnetic field around the azimuth better than a wire array which has a global field and local fields around individual wires, the main source of instabilities. The photonic shower combined with magnetic forces from plasma copper generated by the electrical field easily will ablate the electrons from copper plasma cloud and will compress them on axis. Both combined gave a dynamic and extremely complex ablation process of copper foil, the photonic pressure giving a homogenous electron plasma cloud imploding concentric as a mono-energetic tide of electrons in resonance with photonic wave and magnetic field. For a while the initial copper plasma cloud is sliding toward the axis in permanent contact with electric source just because side walls are metallic and under a low angle in order the plasma cloud to not leave the contact. A myriad of nuclear reactions may occur inside electron column but NO fusion reactions will appear between copper ions due to their high Z numbers and thus very high temperature required.
If is correctly manufactured the tube of calcium fluoride will be able to focus the entire photonic flow over a 2 microns axis. Mainly the photonic flow will be that one which later will collimate the copper ions on axis but also the magnetic field of copper foils will show some benefits. By means of this fast pinch method the electrons cloud contracts so suddenly and tightly so any ion which impact that cloud will quickly show electron capture at a certain level due to the velocity of ions and non-relativistic density of compressed electron cloud. So the accelerated ions should fuse at lower temperatures than that normal give it by the overcoming of Coulomb barrier. Under intense photonic shower and conducted by the upper magnetic fields the magneto-Rayleigh-Taylor (MRT) instabilities will exhibit low levels. We have thus a novel electro-disintegration process based to high photoproton cross-section of lithium ions (if lithium is used). Also the thicknesses of all foils involved in this experiment are far below the electrical depth skins of nominated materials. A design which will not use crystals but only foils will not obtain a narrow column of electrons. A large diameter of calcium fluoride tube is a must in order to lower the X-ray output of W foil discharge. Also as the shock-wave velocity in calcium fluoride of 8 km/s will not touch and harm the inner side of tube thus the light collimation is possible.
D. Versions of experiment
There are at least 30 versions of this experiment. All with immediately uneven applicability are not subject of this material. Please find below a list of some versions (mostly of them are not subject of further description):
1. Ions of lithium smashing on lithium wire
2. Ions of carbon / beryllium / boron smashing on carbon / beryllium/ boron wire.
3. Ions of lithium / carbon accelerated over a TPX (polymethylpentene) or TPX deuteride wire
4. Ions of carbon accelerated over a frozen ultra-pure and ultra-thin hydrogen/deuterium rod.
5. Ions of lithium accelerated over a frozen ultra-pure and ultra-thin hydrogen/deuterium rod.
6. From TPX foil inner covering copper cylinders protons are accelerated for PEP reaction. No wire on axis.
7. Protons from 2 foils/wires of palladium doped with Hydrogen/Deuterium accelerated over a lithium wire. Palladium foils replace copper foils. The protons will arrive on axis before lithium ions to strike protons. Also 2 carbon foils can compress an atmosphere of deuterium or methane deuteride.
9. Level A as a source of photons due to a thermonuclear reaction based to a special configuration (a far-away and weaker version of PROJECT THE ISLAND). This ultra-fast design is complementary with design
10. A spheroid shape segment 120 mm wide, not linear but concave can be used for an olive (prolate) shape of compressed electron cloud – 22 microns length and 16 microns thick in order to obtain an ultra-high density electron cloud (100.000 grams per cm3 inside the core). The end-on-axis lasers must to be 100 times much more powerful in order to prevent leakage of electrons from cloud. This design is difficult to be done, the path of side jets is shorter and occur very high energetic gamma photons ( even if with more than 100 MeV energy).
Next versions means mainly no central wire at all but two opposite jets of ions coming from side hitting the electron column in the same place under the same angle (non-axis shots). In this way can be run in the same time at least 4-5 different experiments by using the same hot electron column.
11. Based to a single conical foil array. Ions could be carbon, boron, sodium, aluminum, silicon. Maximum speed achieved 620 km/s in case of lithium ions. In case of boron ions on axis can be founded protons (see 6)
Based to a double conical foil-wire array arrangement:
12. The foil is nested inside a second large cone disposed in a classical configuration (in vacuum), both with 30o angle. Maximum speed achieved 2.000 km per sec in case of carbon ions
13. The second foil is embodied in transparent crystal configuration. The photonic flow and stationary magnetic field are pushing harder the ions from inner foil giving velocities up to 3.500 km/s (aluminium ions)
14. The second foil is embodied in transparent light crystal configuration. The photonic flow and imploding magnetic field are pushing harder the ions from inner foil giving velocities up to 8.000 km/s (aluminium ions)
15. The second foil is embodied in transparent light crystal configuration. A third external photonic shock-wave from a stationary source strikes the second (middle) imploding layer of plasma The photonic flow and highly accelerated imploding magnetic field are pushing harder the samarium ions and the very large tide of electrons from inner foil giving velocities up to 11.000 km/s by using abt 940 MJ to accelerate 12 mg of Sm acting as a very powerful ions-electrons gun. The angle of cones is lower and the cones are longer than in case of version 10. The total initial power will be abt 3.680 MJ – an additional 200 Mj is included for an over-nozzle electrical discharge. 4 electro-magnetic pulse generators are required. An enhanced version may use a tinny cylinder 1,2 mm diameter with an inner hole of 8 microns in order side jets to be well guided. Electron flow will penetrate cylinder and will remain captured inside for a while. An atomic clock is a must for synchronous electrical discharges.
16. Some changes on main design can transformed it onto a 1-2 seconds thermonuclear photo-reactor. But this new design has a better architecture on EXPERIMENT ALTAI.
Because a very precise, homogenous and very well collimated jet of ions is necessary in case of 11-15 versions a special design nozzle is built narrowing from 2 mm to 14 microns (can be 2 microns in case of round side laser) with a length up to 120 mm from which 80 mm is the nozzle itself and 40 mm cylindrical tube. Alongside and outer to the nozzle an opposite electrical discharge will run in order its magnetic field and photonic flow to stabilize on axis the ions jet, already compressed by its own Lorentz force. The nozzle must be inner cover (protected) with holmium oxide layer thick of 40 microns under its magnetic saturation and strong enough to resist to ions impact and to guide them. The nozzle is manufactured from a barrel of beryllia and has to be a true masterpiece of engineering. Also the column of compressed electrons from main chamber must be linear with no distortions. The inner face of calcium fluoride tube must receive high polish with extreme low level of defects and irregularities. Finally the ions will be collimated due to:
– very slope angle of nozzle (0,7 – 0.8 grade) on the first part and then a very precise tube
– concentric photonic flow over the axis
– magnetic field of opposite electrical discharge alongside the capillary type nozzle and can run
optionally inside a long and thin barrel with higher electron temperature
The last arrangement (version) somehow is trying to obtain the same results like PROJECT THE ISLAND but far below under its performance. Thus can be obtained 298114Fl (Flerovium 298) by collision of high speed opposite samarium ions beams inside the ultra-dense electron column from main chamber.
The ECP will be done by 5 protons inside the 149Sm isotope ( 14962Sm). Lanthanum 149 with 1 sec half lifetime will result.
14962Sm + 5 e– = 14957 La + 5 νe à 14957 La + 14957 La = 298114Fl
In fact a wide range of more than 140 isotopes from Xe to Sm will be generated but finally, but only 298Fl will survive long enough in order macroscopic samples to be taken and its properties to be well established.
– Snowball method – high velocity jets of ions like 244Cm (Curium 244 – 96 n– ) will interfere with multiple high velocity beams of ions (neutron enriched) shoot it under certain angles. Can be used ions like 11Li with 9 ms lifetime (obtained by ECP of 11B) or 6He with 807 ms lifetime (ECP of 6Li) for a cascade reactions flow:
It’s not quite clear the cross section for enrichment with neutrons (ECP) of long-life 24294Pu (Plutonium 242- 147n) with 375.000 years half lifetime but certainly can be obtained 484164 Ld (Leonardium 484):
24294Pu + 12 e– = 24282 Pb + 12 νe and 24282 Pb + 24282 Pb = 484164Ld νe = electron neutrino or
23692U + 10 e– = 23682 Pb + 10 νe and 23682 Pb + 23682 Pb = 472164Ld
Due to pressure and temperature conditions and due to the strong force between nucleons the estimated decay time of 24282 Pb will be at least 2-4 ms – and 23682 Pb at least 500 ns – a time long enough to undergo fusion. Thus a high number of fusion reactions will occur before lead decay to several isotopes of bismuth and titanium. Plutonium ions must have at least 100 microns path inside electron column for ECP in order to arrive at the stage of Pb 242. In fact more than 700 isotopes will be obtained some of them quite stable but also the ultra-stable Ld 472 and Ld 484 – that ones for which we are looking for. Of course these reactions are not the only ones which can be applied (for example can be used also Curium 246-247, Americium 243 i.e. long-life isotopes). The energy required is not mentioned in the below reactions:
Levrov experiment: 25096Cm + 14 e– = 25082 Pb + 14 νe and 25082 Pb + 25082 Pb = 500164Ld and then 500164Ld —> 482164Ld + 8 n
Snow-ball method: 24496Cm + 113Li = 25599Es 25599Es + 113Li = 266102No 266102No + 113Li = 277105Db 277105Db + 113Li = 288108Hs or a much easier way of a main-stream of Californium 252 bombarded by Carbon 22 long-life (6 ms) isotopes:
25298Cf + 226C = 274114Fl 274114Fl + 226C = 296120Dc 296120Dc + 226C = 318126Sv and where 226C is obtaining from 2210Ne via ECP resonance for 4 electrons at energies of 25 Mev.
where Dubnium 277 has a half-life of 11 ms, Hassium 288 about 30 microseconds, Flerovium 274 about 15 ns – times long enough in order said heavy ions to be involved in further fusion reactions. Beside Flerovium 298 with a half-life of 17 years also Slavium 318 is quite stable with an estimated half-life of 104 years and a plethora of long-life isomers.
The relative stable Californium 252 – 25298Cf with 2.65 years life time also can be used in order to obtain Kamchatkium 504 – 504172Km as per below reaction:
25298Cf + 12 e– = 25286Rn + 12 νe and then 25286Rn + 25286Rn = 504172Km
where Radon 252 has an estimated half-life of 14-18 microseconds. Californium 252 is most probably the heaviest element which can be used directly as primary (bullet) element inside Experiment LEVROV. Kamchatkium like Oganesson and Radon is another nobel gase very radioactive, very hot and relative stable – 504172Km has an estimated half-life of 4 hours but more stable 512172Km has a half-life of 12 years thus being suitable to be used in future fusion-fission compact reactors.
As a case maybe inside copper foils can be middle placed a inner tube of samarium foil with 1 cm length and 1 cm free gap from side walls in order to be accelerated over axis and than to expand left-right with high velocity inside electron column against external samarium jets ions. Certainly most of the heavy-ions, partially ionized, will exhibit elastic scattering mainly because the high-energy electrons will be deflected. The intense radiation power in W/g of several isotopes will transform the reactor in a very powerful source of radioactivity due to X-ray photons emitted and Auger electrons with their associated radiation. As you can see from below graph the variation of half life-time of transuranic ions is given by the re-arrangement of neutrons and protons inside nuclei and by all standards we can talk about very long half lifetime at order of seconds and/or microseconds, anymore much more than enough for further fusion reactions.
High quality optical surfaces are required (quality 20/10scr/dig, surface accuracy λ /10 @ 632 nm). My choice is calcium fluoride due to its low level of optical absorption but of course many other materials are suitable for this job (like potassium chloride which is my second choice) .
Also another 2 types of crystals can be done (both not explained hereby):
- a torus seed growing by rotation can be applied for concentric prolate spheroid shape or
- a dome shape for other versions
The limitations of this experiment are given by :
- the requirement of at least 780 Kev electron cloud temperature for ECP
- a high density electron cloud for 100 % rate of ECP reactions
- a very short confinement time of electron cloud (without a capturing internal barrel)
A live photo-reactor will not be in need anymore for such high density electron cloud. A rate of 1 % of ECP of incoming Li ions will be much more than enough for a self sustained reaction and for a 2 MeV electron cloud.
Induced ECP can lower the fusion point of Lithium from 350-380 million Kelvin down to less than 100 million Kelvin and even 45 million which are the fusion temperatures of its derivates. Also a larger system can be manufactured by using segmented discs and also doped crystals instead of sapphire can be used for collimation of Cherenkov radiation results from very first fusion reactions but all this are not subject of this material as long as are better described by other experiments.
F. Nuclear reactions involved. Feynman diagrams and the new extended Gamow factor formula. New type of annotation is required.
A plethora of fusion reactions can be done by using this design which is one of the most advanced in the world taking into the consideration also the lateral jets of high speed ions. Practically this design and its “brothers” can easily match in performances the largest accelerators in the world, basically all known fusion reactions can run in this machine. The described reactions of course are not all reactions which can occur but only a small part of them. Be aware that not all versions are cover and some explanations may miss due to several reasons. The neutron-electron interaction its not treat at all and the occurrence of neutrino-neutron (proton emission) is not taken into consideration due to low level of occurrence. Also is not in the scope of this material to treat ALL nuclear interactions which may occur in the main chamber but only few of that ones which care us and not to exhibit a list of all mathematical formulas, already well known by top physicists.
High-velocity ions of 63Li and 73Li are striking the ultra-hot column of electrons with an average temperature around 2,2 MeV. The kinetic energy of high-velocity nucleus will be found mainly at a large scale on electron scattering by inelastic collisions but a lot of reactions of ECP will occur due to the high density and temperature of electron column the average cross-sections being very large around 2 barns. The concentric PW photonic wave is generating a population of very relativistic ultra-fast electrons that carries practically the entire energy of combined photonic flow and magnetic field of copper plasma, the gathered energy being spread it through collisions, heating and igniting the lithium fuel. Opposite to other types of experiments the control of electrons are minimal once arrived at axis the electron cloud just is starting an ultra-fast attosecond compression followed after the point of maximum saturation by an emission of gamma ray photons, part of emission being trapped again in the electron cloud and by the copper ions. During acceleration electron oscillation becomes relativistic finally the energy inside column easily will reach even if 4 MeV. At the end of process the radiation of the cloud will heat considerably the imploding cloud of copper ions. My choice is copper just only to not complicate too much the experiment but if we replaced the copper foils with carbon foils we suddenly open the doors for an extremely complicated experiment where even if the C-C fusion will easily occur due to high velocities and temperatures involved. Of course copper ions will fuse eventually with protons and with high energy generated alpha particles but copper-copper fusion is practically impossible. But if we replaced copper with carbon than will shall have immediately fusion reactions between carbon and lithium derivates from ECP.
By any standards this experiment has an unusual high rate of energy usage – around 50 % which means that photons of all kind of energies being exploited in full. Being trapped by the intense photonic flow and to the ends by the lasers which last much more than entire fusion processes the electrons, due to their high energy, easily will penetrate the nucleis, the rate of proton-electron reactions (ECP) being at least 1.000 times higher than neutron-electron interactions (have a larger cross-section) . Due to high density and closed proximity some neutrino-neutron reactions also will occur with proton generation but these reactions are not treated hereby mainly due to their very small cross-section. Electrons trapped on axis have for a very shot sequence a non-relativistic density over 1,500 grams/cm3, their initial energy being established by the “window” of CaF2 – that’s means mainly between from 130 nm up to 9 µm with an average energy of 1.4 Ev. The ultra-hot tungsten plasma cloud can easily reach about 60 Ev but their high energy X-ray photons are trapped by the CaF2 tube with a later Cherenkov emission. The electrical discharge by means of “capillary like” phenomena is not the only one solution to obtain the required plasma hot stage output but this solution is not subject of this material in despite of that it are able to furnish 75 % of required photons inside visible spectrum window and the powers involved can be highly over the limit of 22 MJ cm3 imposed by the calcium fluoride crystal. These solutions easily can achieved 15 GJ output which clearly require a segmented design in order the inner surface of calcium fluoride crystal to resist to high damage received.
MAIN DESIGN PROCESS – the proof of induced electron capture process (ECP)
Ions of sodium 23 – 2311Na are striking electron column with a velocity up to 800 km/s where they have a variable but very long by path and they will face ECP up to 4 protons in a very brief burst due to their high striking velocity and high density of ultra hot electrons giving as direct products a large range of ions from Nitrogen to Sodium which then will undergo a chain of beta minus decay events, as per below description. The lower Z ion which may be obtained will be Nitrogen 23 (h-l = half – life time)
2311Na + 4 e– → 237(11)NNa+ 4 νe 237N → 238O 14,5 ms h-l followed by Oxygen 23 decay
238O → 229F+ n– 82 ms h-l (58%) 238O → 239F 82 ms h-l (42%)
229F → 2210Ne 4,23 s h-l (89%) 229F → 2110Ne + n– 4,23 h-l s (11%)
239F → 2310Ne 2,23 s h-l (86%) 239F → 2210Ne + n– 2,23 s h-l (14%)
2310Ne → 2311Na 37,24 s h-l where 21Ne and 22Ne are stable isotopes
That’s means we shall obtain 57,50 % – 22Ne, 6,38 % – 21Ne and 36,12 % – 23Na as derivates.
A classic or laser spectroscopic analyze can be done in 4 moments:
- during the ultra-short sequence of 14,5 ms h-l to catch the presence of Nitrogen 23
- during the brief sequence of 96,5 ms h-l to catch the presence of Oxygen 23 – the 44th ms being optimal
- during the first 6,43 seconds h-l to for presence of Fluorine isotopes – the 2nd second being optimal
- after the end of experiment by separating sodium from ash and volumetric analyze of neon gas.
As long as inside the chamber of experiment is vacuum and it is sealed the residual neon will remain trapped and then can be extracted for further measurements. The presence of neon isotopes will be the proof and final validation of experiment – the induced electron capture process done by sodium nuclei. Other possible reaction:
2210Ne + y → 188O + 42He where isotope Oxygen 18 is stable
The branches which release neutrons may induce some damages of main chamber of experiment and others side reactions which are not hereby described.
Now let’s talk about version design no.1
Lithium 7 under induced ECP (electron capture process)
73Li + e– → 72(3)HeLi+ νe 72He → 62He + 1n– in 2.9(5)×10−21 s than
62He → 63Li in 806 ms – a very long half-time life which theoretically may not
involve Li6 in further reactions
42He + 2H 1/10000 probability
62He + 1n– → 31T + 41H 41H → 31T + n– in 1.39 × 10−22 s where n has with 4.7 MeV
62He + e– → 61(2)HHe+ νe 61H → 31T + 3n– in 2.9×10−22 s where n has with 1.6 MeV
With less than 3 zeptoseconds on which Helium eject the neutron and also some residual quantities of He and diprotons, my believe is that this time is too short for further reactions of 72He with electrons or with ions. But let’s treat also these reactions as long as the true cross-sections remain unknown.Due to high density of electron cloud we cannot exclude the theoretical possibility that the entire mass of Lithium to decay quickly to Hydrogen extremely instable isotopes either by direct ECP or by double ECP as below described.
72He + e– → 71(2)HHe+ νe 71H → 31T + 4n– in 2.3(6)×10−23 s than
73Li + n– → 83Li → 84Be in 840 ms 84Be → 2 x 42He in 6.7×10−17 s useful in next reactions
73Li + n– → 42He + 31T + n– – 2.467 MeV due to Be fusion with He
63Li + n– → 42He + 31T + y (4,8 MeV) where He has 2.05 MeV and T has 2.75 MeV
42He + e– → 41(2)HHe + νe 41H → 31T + 4n– (4.7 MeV) in 1,.39 × 10−22 s
Clearly both He isotopes will quickly transform to instable isotopes of Hydrogen giving finally Tritium.
Lets treat now a possible but very rare induced double electron capture of Lithium 7. The cross-section of 3 electrons captured is very small and also the last proton will be quickly replaced by another one due to high presence of strong force inside this high density cloud of electrons and ions
73Li + 2 e– → 71(3)HLi + νe 71H → 31T + 4n– in 2.3(6)×10−23 s
Lithium 6 under induced ECP (electron capture process)
63Li + e– → 62(3)HeLi + νe
62He → 63Li in 806 ms – a very long lifetime which theoretically may involve He6 in
further reactions
62He + 2H 1/10000 probability. Will be neglected
62He + 1n– → 31T + 31T clearly with so long lifetime He6 will be involved in further reactions
62He + e– → 61(2)HHe 61H → 31T + 3n– in 2.9×10−22 s where n has with 1.6 MeV
63Li + 2e– → 61(3)HLi→ 31T + 3n– in 2.9×10−22 s where n has with 1.6 MeV
63Li + n– → 42He + 31T + y (4,8 MeV) where He has 2.05 MeV and T has 2.75 MeV
The estimated cross-sections for single/double electron capture for both lithium isotopes is 10.000/1
In the end tritium will be the main product: 31T + 31T → 42He + 2n–+ y (11.3 MeV)
Also is possible: 31T + 42He → 3 x 21D + n–
and then: 21D + 31T → 42He + n–+ y (3.5 MeV)
Due to high temperature already present some of He ions will fuse immediately as per reaction:
\
42He + 42He + 93.7 kev → 84Be 84Be + 42He → 126C + y (7.367 MeV)
Lithium also undergoes photo-disintegration: 0,7 ×10−21 s
73Li + y → 63Li + n– 63Li + y → 53Li + n– 53Li + e– → 52(3)HeLi + νe 52He → 42He + n–
Lithium also undergoes photo-fission:
73Li + y (2,5 MeV)→ 42He + 31T 42He + e– → 41(2)HHe+ νe 41H → 31T + n–
63Li + y (1,5 MeV) → 42He + 21D 63Li + y (4,6 MeV) → 52He + 11H
Helium also may undergoes photo-disintegration: 42He + y → 32He + n–
Tritium also may undergoes photo-disintegration: 31T + y → 21D + n–
Deuterium also may undergoes photo-disintegration: 21D + y → 11H + n–
It’s clear now that we shall obtain TRITIUM as main product with other traces in variable amounts.
If we shall inject methane starting T = 40 nanoseconds we shall obtain a reactor running CNO cycle for a very brief sequence of 1 – 2 seconds before final melting of structure and explosion.
But by far more suitable for this task is Experiment ALTAI which will run as a prototype fusion photo-reactor which consist mainly from a reactor core inside a high density stable electron plasma cloud and which will help us to set the right conditions for a thermonuclear fusion reactor type III (with vacuum chamber and photons as main source of energy and which is integral part of PROJECT OPEN SPHERE).
7 main reactions easily can run on ALTAI experiment:
– the EPC and fusion of Lithium as standalone fuel with tritium as first derivate (my choice)
– the EPC and fusion of Helium as standalone fuel with tritium as first derivate
– the EPC and fusion of Lithium / Deuterium (or Hydrogen) as fuels with D-T as main fusion reaction
– fusion of Carbon 12 with Deuterium inside CNO cycle without EPC for second fusion reaction 14N-D
– fusion of 13C with Deuterium inside CNO cycle without EPC for second fusion reaction 15N – D
– the EPC and fusion of Hydrogen (PEP cycle) as standalone fuel (with 1,44 MeV neutrinos release) and for D-H, H-T and D-T main reactions and then ECP of stable 3He for further fusion reactions
In despite of Lithium is my choice as fuel probably the below path will be chosen by experts:
11H + 11H + e–(0.78 MeV) → 21D 21D + n– → 31T + y (6,25 MeV)
21D + 11H → 32He + y (5,49 MeV) where 32He + e– → 31(2)THe + ve
11H + 31T → 42He + n– – 0,764 MeV 21D + 31T → 42He (3,561 MeV) + n– (14,029 MeV)
21D + 32He → 42He (3,712 MeV) + p+ (14,641 MeV) 32He + 32He → 42He + 2p+ + y (12,860 MeV)
31T + 32He → 42He + n– + p+ + y (12,096 MeV) 31T + 32He → 42He (4.800 MeV) + 21D (3,561 MeV)
and then again 42He + e– → 41(2)HHe + ve with 41H → 31T + n–
with again and again tritium as final product after 4 protons consumption and a lot of energy released. Indeed high energy gamma photons are generated but mostly of them appear inside the core under the dense surface of electron cloud. That’s why proton-proton chain it’s not my first option. Tight collimation of high speed protons beams may prevent partially the ECP of He3 for more desirable aneutronic reactions (not full at all) with higher cross-sections: D-He3 and He3-He3 and eventually T-He3. This last 3 reactions are preferable because results high energy particles which will collide and fuse immediately and high energy protons and gamma photons (the source of Cherenkov radiation).T-T / D-D have very low probability. Clearly outside of high density inner nuclei core ECP has a larger cross-section (at least 200 time) than anyone of the a/m reactions from proton-proton chain.The temperature and the density of electron cloud will be the tool to control the occurrence of some reactions mainly to control the rate of Helium isotopes ECP and thus the final power (primary output) of ALTAI reactor. Thus ECP cross-section is the control tool of next experiment.
Experiment ALTAI must prove and solve the following issues:
– the ignition method of reactor (the start-up), with no screening of incoming fuel beams (ions guns)
– the source of electron cloud (2 versions) in order to cover the consumption of electrons by ECP
– the right dimensions and temperature of electron cloud in order to run under 2 MeV temperature
– the right dimensions and temperature of inner nuclei cloud nested inside electron cloud
– the proper velocity of ions fuel and the rate of their collisions after partially ECP
– the dynamic of slow neutrons after ECP of 1H and the evolution of s-process after ECP
– the power balance to cover the astonish level of energy required to maintain electron cloud density/temp.
– the free protons will capture thermal neutrons to form deuterium and will emit 2,2 MeV gamma photons
– the dimensions of apochromatic lens, their erosion in time and tight collimation of returned photonic flow
– 3D mathematical volumetrically projection of each airy disk – plasma globe parameters definitions
– using Beryllium 9 as cooling method of electron cloud and as sources of slow neutrons/tritons (Li as fuel)
– neutron splitting of Li 6 ions as method of controlling overall performance of reactor
– enhanced cross-section absorption of gamma photons with more than 2,5 MeV by Li ions and their splitting
Finally experiment ALTAI gave us a (positive) response to the question:
Can Cherenkov radiation nourish a self-sustained thermonuclear fusion reaction?
The sources of gamma photons which sustain the electron cloud directly or via Cherenkov radiation are:
– electron-electron collision inside electron cloud
– electron scattering from neutrons
– gamma ray emission from nuclear reactions mainly from p-p chain
– collision (scattering) of nuclei which do not undergo fusion
– electron-positron annihilation
– gamma photons from nuclear interactions with electrons from cloud
The main conditions of our experiment for ECP are:
– a concentric wave of photons which will easily collimate an imploding cloud of ions
- a column of high density and high energy electrons (anymore over 780 Kev) which increase the stagnation time of ions on axis
- high speed ions highly collimated for the longest path as possible before scattering out of column
- a wire on axis allowed a very high temperature ions increasing the cross-section of fusion with incoming concentric wave of other ions
Other reactions which may occur during our experiment with lithium as fuel are the following:
73Li + 71H → 144Be + y 73Li + 61H → 134Be + y with decay of Beryllium isotopes
63Li + 71H → 134Be + y 63Li + 61H → 124Be + y with decay of Beryllium isotopes
73Li + 72He → 145B + y 73Li + 62He → 134B + y with decay of Boron isotopes
63Li + 72He → 135B + y 63Li + 62He → 124B + y with decay of Boron isotopes
with 13C and 11B as main derivates which can be involved later in other reactions.
Let’s talk about version design no. 2 – Carbon ions striking electron column cloud
126C + e– → 125(6)BC + ve 125B + e– → 124Be + ve 124Be + e– → 123Li + ve
123Li + e– → 102He + 2 n– + ve 102He → 82He + 2n– in 2.7×10−21 s
82He + e– → 71(2)HHe + n– + νe 82He + e– → 61(2)HHe+ νe
71H → 31T + 4n-` in 2.3(6)×10−23s a minor branch is 123Li → 101(3)HeLi + 2 n– in 10 ns.
also 126C + 31T → 157N + y 126C + 21D → 147N + y
Where 125B has a half life-time of 20,2 ms, 124Be has a half life-time of 21.5 ms, 123Li has a half life-time of 12.3 ns, 102He has a half life-time of 2.7 zs and 182He has a half life-time of 119 ms. Only 102He will not be involved in ECP at a large scale but in case Li 12 some ECP reactions certainly will occur. Also Carbon may transmute onto radioactive Boron (decay rate of 20 ms) by high energy gamma photons. Anymore the final product will be Tritium and nine neutrons. In order to avoid high neutronicity special design ion guns must cover the entire core of reactor with an avalanche of protons for a final ratio H/C of at least 10 to 1. Free unbounded protons will not face ECP on corona and on the surface of electron column but only under the surface of column and mainly on axis of column where the cross-section for PEP reaction achieve maximum value. Thus more than 75 % of incoming protons fuse with free slow neutrons for 21De and further reactions H-D and D-T. The chance that 2 or 3 electrons to hit carbon ion exactly in the same zeptosecond is extremely low in order to call such reaction C + 3 e–. Wherever such annotations appear is about a burst of electrons hitting ions one after another during a sequence ranging from of a couple of yoctoseconds to 1 attosecond before collision with another ion or deflecting outside of electron column. The time range is give it by the velocity of ions and the density of electron plasma cloud. Therefore temperature of ions inside electron column may reach easily 20 Kev.
Regarding the versions which involve side high speed ions must be state that the stopper linear laser must be replaced either by a round laser on the end of electron column or by a variable power linear laser. Round laser is a very complicated solution but the best one and the variable power laser has the advantage to release part of his energy to ions jets finally increasing their velocity. The laser power must increase from 2,2 MJ in order to compensate the photonic absorption during evolution of jets. In case of linear variable laser the jets of ions will collide inside the chamber in middle sector of electron column but also one laser can be stopped in order the collision to occur inside one of side nozzle.
I know that the electron column length of 104 mm seems to be too long. But there are some benefits:
– it can offer a very large cross-section of ECP for high speed ions running as jets alongside the axis
– but the main benefit is the column can be used by large accelerators placed allround the world. If a wire is placed on axis we can shoot with relativistic ions alongside the column and thus new frontiers will be touched in obtaining of transuranic elements. A lot of ions will de deflected due to their high velocity but much more will undergo ECP at different ratio and then will fuse. The very first ECP reactions create a bath of high energy neutrons inside a electron plasma cloud which combined with gamma photons create more and more reactions.
Column shape versus prolate spheroid shape of compressed electron cloud:
- is a huge challenge to grow up a torus crystal shape optically orientated and then to polish the inner surface of calcium fluoride tube in order to obtain a near to perfect concave torus shape in order to focus the incoming wave of photons and electrons Any error on shape will results in leakage of electrons from cloud. Also after each shoot the inner disc of KBr must be replaced being highly damaged
- the column shape gives us a very high cross-section of transuranic elements fusion
- the prolate shape at the nominal power of 420 MJ of main source induce a gamma ray with very high energy – over 100 MeV which easily induce photofission / photodisintegration in ions. The continuous spectrum of MeV gamma photons will easily split ions before colidding in lower Z nuclei which will fuse separately and no elements from the islands will be obtained or neutrons will be ejected in row. See for example the Pb 247
- of course a low level of energy source can be used but only for prolate shape but if we compare the prices of a very large array of Marx generators with the price of 20 pulse explosive generators of 1.000 kilograms each (20 experiments) we shall have the surprise to see that it will be at least 10 times cheaper than Marx solution. Much more – low power solution cannot achieve ECP and fusion of Sa or Pu ions.
- the electrons from column cloud have energies mainly under 3 MeV thus avoiding photodisintegration of high Z ions and far below of undesirable 6-8 MeV range gamma photons.
An advance design is that one on which a deuterium atmosphere will be compressed by a cloud of carbon ions up to fusion – CNO cycle first branch. Very first fusion reactions will make hotter and hotter the electron column cloud in a very brief fusion sequence of 4-5 ns. I am sure that on T-11M facility the physical processes hereby described will come soon alive on the first experimental photo-reactor thermonuclear in the world.
Other phenomena not hereby described are neutron-neutrino interactions with protons release. With what differ neutrinos which touch us coming from the Sun from that ones which are running inside our Sun? The “loses” neutrinos are not lost at all they just interact with free high energy protons and gamma ray photons inside our star. Some of their known reactions will occur also in our experiment but are not subject of our debate. The survival probability of neutrinos with energies between 1,44 MeV and 19 MeV have a strong dependence on the electron density of column plasma cloud. We obtained a non-degenerate electron plasma cloud of which properties must be deeply explored by such experiments in order to well prepare experiment ALTAI.
FINALLY – extended Coulomb barrier formula for a perfect (aligned) collision: