Only the imagination of man is the limit of our civilization!
Project GAGARIN! …. Yes! A new ERA is about to start in the field of aviation and interplanetary exploration!
Proiekt GAGARIN is my second project of difficulty and time consumed after PROIEKT KROM KAMEN and it is equal in my soul as it is important if I think about Tania Savicheva! The works at PROIEKT GAGARIN started in March 2014, and 99% of them were completed before June 2014. The rest of 1% came …… after that!
Nuclear fusion engines based on the Gagarin laser I developed after finishing during August 2012 – November of PROIEKT NADEJDA – a reactor based on the fission-fusion cycle – a project which I abandoned after realizing that any mechanics failure at any of the pistons will immediately stop the reactor! And the size and weight of such a reactor will be very big! The idea of cyclic sonicity in fusion is not bad but it requires great precision – hard to reach by mechanical means! As long as more than 600 Gigabars are needed to start the deuterium-tritium fusion, I don’t see any mechanical process that would allow the compression waves to focus so efficiently and precisely! It is therefore necessary to introduce the fission and macroscopic core to be able to build a viable fission-fusion reactor!
In western Canada, another Mihail has been struggling for over 10 years like fish on land to develop a MECHANICAL reactor based on nuclear fusion without to realize the fusion is still a problem of ….. nanometers!
Let’s leave him for another 10 years and when he comes out of retirement, to tell him: “Well …. that was the solution = a renewable uranium / plutonium spherical core surrounded by a lithium tire, a deuterium / hydrogen tire and finally an external tire (cooling agent) in direct contact with the pistons – and where the fissile core will be stroke about 40 times per second by shock waves that will compress it non-critically each time with fast neutron emission – the captured neutrons lithium will burn the lithium tire which in turn will compress very quickly until the deuterium tire metallization but at the same time it will continue to compress all non-critical and uranium spheres with an even greater neutron emission which will lead to a gradual and higher emission of tritium – the energy efficiency being relatively high by about 14: 1 and where about 1/16 of the fissionable nucleus is consumed per cycle but without detonation! The deuterium tire being extremely fast compressed does not have time to transmit all the energy received to the pistons – the compression speed being higher at any time than the speed of sound in the deuterium tire! Once the shock from the lithium deuterium tire has passed, it will quickly lose its metallicity in about 4 microseconds with rapid energy release and therefore a new shock to the fissile core! We will practically have a 2-stroke cycle after the initial shock = lithium expansion and simultaneous deuterium anevelopment compression and fissile core + rapid deuterium tire decompression with a shock generation. Such a cycle of relatively gradual increase of the internal pressure of the reactor is needed in order not to subject the pistons to very high mechanical demands! Extremely complex mathematical simulations are needed to properly calibrate such a reactor because bringing deuterium / hydrogen into the metal phase cannot be done mechanically but only by the rapid shock coming from the core, the rapid decompression that occurs after the shock wave passes leading to the rapid recombination of deuterium atoms with massive energy release – about 216 Mj / kg in the case of simple hydrogen – this recombination finally generating a new shock wave towards the fissionable core, a new compression of it and thus a new burst and so a new cycle!
Much easier to build than any other fusion-based reactor, such a fission-fusion reactor is feasible, but it is definitely inferior to fusion optical reactors! The mechanical work of the pistons will be huge and the failure of one of them will immediately stop the reactor! Basically the internal ends of the pistons will have to withstand tens of milliseconds at pressures of up to 400,000 bars. Even if 95% of the released energy will be fusion energy (especially the neutron capture by lithium) there will still be a negligible amount of radioactive residues! Also the problems of gas purging (helium especially) will lead to mechanical vibrations that are difficult to control! Really problematic for this reactor remain the size, weight, mechanical reliability and efficient separation / purge of radioactive waste!
Proiekt GAGARIN refers to a laser with a continuous wave but at the same time to an ion cannon + electrons. Only one variant is based on a very strong and intense electrical impulse, generated by an explosive pump compression generator (EPFCG) type 7 (Tereskova type) with 2 stages.
The GAGARIN laser could be just a laser or just an ion / electron cannon or both – laser and ion cannon at the same time. The GAGARIN laser is the “engine” of the interplanetary impeller (Komarov Experiment), the engine of the first thermonuclear propulsion aircraft, but also the engine of the first thermonuclear propulsion truck.
Some thoughts about GAGARIN “laser”:
1. The GAGARIN laser acts as a true light accelerator and is able to solve the complicated problem of accelerating ions from a low density plasma by increasing the acceleration distance. In some configurations, the GAGARIN laser is capable of accelerating heavy ions up to the speed of light. These heavy ions can create extremely hot spots that can trigger indirect fusion mechanisms. In such hot baths, all known exothermic fusion reactions can be readily performed including silicon-silicon or aluminum-aluminum fusion. So now you can understand that accelerating tritium or deuterium ions up to 15 Kev is a very easy task for any GAGARIN laser variant.
2. The problems of the walls of the ITER installation gave me long ago the solution for the GAGARIN laser. Mother NATURA works for us, but so far humanity has been completely blind. In fact, 14 Mev neutrons help us and these neutrons allow a chain reaction that can easily multiply at least 40 times the initial DT fusion reaction in a smart and reliable device. Thus, a flow rate of 100 micrograms / second of tritium easily allows an installed power of 1,000,000 hp for a medium-sized (several tons) Tumansky engine. And this will happen by consuming less than 1 MJ of energy per second by coupling at high values the light-weight force of the light using a very advanced mechanism !!!!
The design of the laser type “GAGARIN”) from PROJECT GAGARIN is not presented here on the site being an industrial secret. The GAGARIN laser is based on an extremely precise light focusing (0.0001 arc-seconds), based on an intelligent and reliable optical design. Thus, light spots of 0.4 microns in diameter and intensities (CW) up to 1017 W / cm2 can be obtained.
When I talk about PROIEKT GAGARIN, I mainly talk about three types of medium-sized thermonuclear motors:
1. Open-cycle thermonuclear motors, with external nozzle acting as a thrust vector – the so-called “KOMAROV engine” * and in which all fusion / fission by-products are released in the interplanetary space, and the weight / weight ratio is very high. .
(* in honor of Russian cosmonaut Vladimir Mihailovici Komarov – Hero of the Soviet Union and who died just 2 years before my birth).
2. Type 1 closed cycle thermonuclear engines without turbine – the so-called “TUMANSKY engine” * and where the atmospheric air flow is heated by a ceramic core in an advanced design and thus provides the direct force and in which all fusion / fission by-products. They are NOT released into the atmosphere, but remain trapped inside the core and then collected by an advanced purge system. I am a very realistic type myself and the myth “reactions controlled by aneutronic fusion” I think is for children. Basically, it is impossible to carry out an open fusion reaction without releasing a lot of radioactive compounds into the Earth’s atmosphere in the medium and long term and without releasing large amounts of ionized gases. Of course, for non-civilian cars that are used only once, the use of KOMAROV engines is acceptable, but it is completely unacceptable to use such an engine for thousands and thousands of daily civilian flights around the world. In a very short time, atmospheric radioactivity will increase dramatically with completely unacceptable consequences.
(* in honor of Sergei Konstantinovici Tumansky – a brilliant Russian aircraft engine designer)
3. Thermonuclear closed-cycle type 2 engines with built-in turbine for trucks and ships – the so-called CONSTANTIN BRANCOVEANU engine and where a heat transfer agent is used to drive a specially designed turbine and in which all fusion / fission by-products are NOT they are released into the atmosphere; they are collected by an advanced exhaust system.
Some of you may be wondering – why do we need the OPEN SPHERE project (especially the Tiekuska Proiekt) as long as the BRANCOVEANU engine is able to do the same load = to provide electricity based on controlled fusion reactions? The answer is simple – because of the costs! Inside Proiekt Tunguska, the cost of one Megawatt hour (MWh) is about 0.14 Euro, while for the BRANCOVEANU engine, even in the case of a high power engine / turbine – 2 million horsepower costs will not be lower of 0,5 EUR / MWh for 20 years of operation. Also, size matters … doesn’t it?
KOMAROV ENGINE
By using a GAGARIN laser, nuclear fuel (tritium) is accelerated to 3,200 – 3,500 km / s to achieve controlled fusion reactions. There are mainly 2 reaction cycles / stages:
Primul ciclu: 21D + 31T — > 42He (3,5) + n– (14,1) with the release of 17,5 MeV of energy (around 340 Tj/kg)
Al doilea ciclu: 63Li + n– —> 31T (2,75) + 42He (2,05) 4.783 MeV ( 66 Tj/kg) 940 barn for thermal
And then
6Li + T —> 7Li + D 1 MeV 10,4 Tj/kg 280 mb at 1,3 MeV 370 mb at 3 MeV
6Li + T —> 8Li + p 800 Kev 8,4 Tj/kg 52 mb at 1 MeV
6Li + T —> 4He + 4He + n 16,1 MeV 172 Tj/kg 320 mb at 1,9 MeV 530mb/ 7,5 MeV
8Li + 4He —> 11B + n 53,3 Tj/kg 310 mb at 600 kev 540 mb at 1 MeV
6Li + T —> 9Be + y 17.7 MeV
7Li + T —> 10Be + y 17,25 MeV 166 Tj/kg 320 mb at 1,9 MeV 530mb/ 7,5 MeV
6Li + 4He —> 10B + y 4,46 MeV – resonance/thrs at 1.75 MeV
6Li + 4He —> 9B + n thrs at 3,54 MeV
6Li + 4He —> 9Be + p – 2.126 MeV
6Li + 4He —> D + 4He + 4He – 1.475 MeV
and where fast neutrons are moderated by the lithium cloud inside the rotating nozzle where in fact a long chain of fusion reactions takes place, thus multiplying by an x40 factor the energy released by the initial D / T fusion reactions.
TUMANSKY ENGINE
By using a GAGARIN laser, nuclear fuel (deuterium) is accelerated to 5,400 – 5,800 km / s to achieve controlled fusion reactions. With an amplification rate of x70-74 of the original D / D fusion reactions in the Tumanski core engine named TUNEG (Tumanski Nuclear Energy Generator), the DD cycle is preferred as the initiator of a thermonuclear exothermic process because, due to the much smaller space, it will be much easier to moderate the initial neutrons of 2.45 MeV than the 14.1 MeV of the D-T cycle. Also, by the fusion of deuterium, a greater number of derivative compounds appear and therefore we will have several interlocking cycles of fusion and where by reduction they remain mainly as the final compounds helium 4 and hydrogen.
There are mainly 3 reaction cycles / stages if we consider a theoretical one-type cycle “wave” and by which I understand a short fuel set followed by the corresponding fusion reactions. In reality, in the Tumansky engine, these cycles intersect and their cross-section is given by the spatial arrangement of the fuel:
First cycle:
D + D -> 3He (0.82) + n (2.45) 15 keV (50 %) ( 79 TJ/kg) max 96 mb at 1,25 Mev
D + D -> T (1.011) + p (3.022) (50 %) ( 97 TJ/kg) max 110 mb at 1,75 Mev
The second cycle refers to the fusion reactions of the reaction products from the first cycle, reactions that take place inside a plasma cloud of deuterium and lithium (lithium at a ratio of 4: 1 to the deuterium pumped in the core of the reactor ie in the chamber. high-pressurized). Due to the “onions” type configuration of the Tumanski engine (not shown here) as a result of the deuterium fusion, the resulting compounds will undergo scattering reactions as well as fusion reactions as follows below. Considering that deuterium ions hit a tire also from deuterium the first 3 reactions (the ones below) take place almost instantly:
21D + 31T (1.011) — > 42He (3,5) + n– (14,1) (5 barn at 130 kev)
32He (0,82) + 21D —> 42He (3,9) + p (15,3) up to 19.2 Mev adica 370 Tj/kg si 830 mb la 640 kev
and which is also the fourth fastest reaction in the engine (ie the fourth easiest fusion reaction). With a slightly lower probability, we will also react:
32He + 32He —> 42He (1,43) + p (5,716) + p (5,716) 12,86 Mev (207 Tj/kg)
Helium 3 is rapidly consumed mainly by its fusion with deuterium (above) but – to a lesser extent by its fusion with tritium as follows:
32He (0,82) + 31T (1.011) — > 42He (1,344) + p (5,372) + n (5,716) 51 % 12,1 Mev
32He (0,82) + 31T (1.011) — > 42He (4,773) + D (9,546) 43 % 14,32 Mev
32He (0,82) + 31T (1.011) — > 42He (0,5 ) + n (1,9) + p (11,9) 6 % 14,31 Mev
2.45 Mev neutrons easily penetrate the deuterium layer, eventually moderating and then being captured by the lithium 6 nuclei in the plasma cloud surrounding the reactor core.
63Li + 2.45 n– (moderate) —> 31T (2,75-4) + 42He (2 – 3) up to 6,8 Mev
63Li + 2.45 n– (moderate) —> 73Li + y up to 9,7 Mev 38,5 mb for n thermal dar si
63Li + 2.45 n– —> 21D + 52He – 2,272 Mev — > 42He + n– (0,8 Mev) + 21D -1,474 Mev 750 mb / 6 Mev
Cycle 3:
At the beginning of cycle 3 (one-wave type) in the combustion chamber of the Tumanski engine the situation is presented as follows:
– we have an extremely hot core (approx. 28 Kev) from which the helium 4 ions, fast neutrons and high energy protons actually fight. This core is covered by the lithium plasma cloud 6. The thin layer of deuterium fails to involve in a very large number these nuclei reactions which in turn react with lithium 6
– we have a lithium plasma cloud 6 struck from the core of the helium 4 ion reactor, fast neutrons and high energy protons. helium 3. The amount of tritium is small as its production is small but especially for this tritium it fuses quickly with the target reactive deuterium. Also an amount of the order of the nanograms of helium 3 and deuterium (9.5 Mev) also comes out of the core.
Following the moderation and capture of neutrons in lithium 6 plasma, the following main reaction occurs immediately:
63Li + 31T (1.011) —> 73Li + 21D 1 Mev (10,6 Tj/kg) 285 mb/1,3 Mev, 350 mb/2,75 Mev, 370 mb/3Mev
But also the secondary reactions with a negligible cross section:
63Li + 31T (1.011) —> 84Be + n– 16 Mev 63Li + 31T (1.011) —> 83Li + p 0,8 Mev
63Li + 31T (1.011) —> 95B + y 17,7 Mev (nanobarns)
Followed immediately by the fusion of lithium 7 with deuterium but also by the capture of fast neutrons by the remaining lithium 7:
73Li + 21D —> 42He (1,8) + 42He (1,8 ) + n– (13) 16,8 MeV (162Tj/kg) 244 mb/300 Kev, 1 barn/1 Mev
73Li + 21D —> 83Li + p 500mb / 1 Mev
73Li + n– —> 42He + 31T + n– – 2,467 Mev 450 mb at 8 Mev – 300 mb at 15 Mev
The most important exothermic reaction from the lithium cloud 6 after neutron capture is the extremely exothermic fusion of deuterium with lithium 6:
63Li + 21D —> 42He (1,8) + 42He (1,8 ) 22,37 MeV 97 mb/1,3 Mev – 215 mb/1,75 Mev
And obviously by the side reactions with much lower probability:
63Li + 21D —> 74Be (0,42) + n (3) 3,42 MeV 85 mb/2,25 Mev
63Li + 21D —> 73Li (0,828) + p (4,4) 5,23 MeV 190 mb/ 4 Mev
Core emissions lead to other fusion reactions – some of them also exothermic:
63Li + p —> 42He (1,7) + 32He (2,3) 4,023 Mev 220 mb / 1,75 Mev
And where immediately both helium 3 and helium 4 fuse with lithium 6 and 7:
63Li + 32He —> 42He (2,245) + 42He (2,245 ) + p (12,39) 16,878 MeV dar si:
63Li + 32He —> 74Be (25 kev) + 21D (87 kev ) 112,4 Kev 320 mb at 1,6 Mev
63Li + 32He —> 84Be (1,845) + p (14,756) 16,786 Mev
63Li + 42He —> 105B + y for Eα >1,75 Mev 63Li + 42He —> 95B + n for Eα > 3,54 Mev
As can be easily observed we have a cycle Li + p à Li + 3He à Li + p – the revolution of helium 3 could theoretically take place until complete consumption of lithium 6. Obviously in practice this place does not happen in the first place due to the reactions secondary of helium 3 but also of protons.
The relatively intense emission of gamma rays also results in the breaking of the deuterium, tritium and helium nuclei in a variable rate, generating a separate flux of neutron but also of helium 3, deuterium and proton ions:
42He + y —> 32He + n– Q = −20.578 Mev
31T + y —> 21D + n– Q = −6.257 Mev
31T + y —> p + n– + n– Q = −8.484 Mev
21D + y —> 11H + n– Q = −2.22 Mev
63Li + y —> 52He + pQ = −4,497 Mev
But also lithium 6 and 7 and helium nuclei also have enough time to be broken by gamma photons in variable rates. Obviously there will be other reactions like 7Li (p …… 7Li (t… .. or 7Li (3He…. But with a much smaller cross-section. More than 40 nuclear fusion reactions actually take place) In this innovative engine most of these reactions are related to neutron capture or small section fusion reactions – sometimes even small nano-barns. In the end Tumanski engine will be purged as highly ionized gaseous residues only helium and hydrogen. With traces of deuterium, the residual lithium will be reused and the ceramic lining of the “combustion chamber” will take the heat from the thermonuclear core but at the same time it will transform the energy of the fast neutrons into the heat which in turn will be transmitted to the air entering the engine thus generating Gaseous residues can be injected immediately into the engine by hydrogen, subsequently participating in combustion and thus adding some additional propulsion. No fast neutron will hit 14 N nitrogen atoms, 16 O oxygen, metals or different complex compounds in the atmosphere, so that, at least theoretically, no radioactive products will be released into the Earth’s atmosphere. Injection in the engine and later the fusion of elements heavier than Lithium 6 should be avoided in order not to obtain radioactive compounds – the first radioactive compound emitting neutrons that can result from the reactor being Carbon 16 with an average half-life of about 0.75 seconds. Obviously, the release of Carbon 14 into the atmosphere is not acceptable either. That is why the remaining carbon powder is quickly collected centrifugally and stored considering that up to 400 kilograms of air per second are used for internal cooling of the reactor. It is true that all radioactive compounds up to Oxygen 24 have an average lifespan of up to several seconds but even this short-lived radioactivity is NOT desirable.
Another chain of fusion cycles can also be used for Tumansky engine:
Cycle 1: 63Li + p —> 42He (1,7) + 32He (2,3) 4,023 Mev 220 mb / 1,75 Mev
and where lithium 6 is the target for protons accelerated by the Gagarin laser. Obviously the Tumansky engine will have to be re-designed – the new design having several versions depending on the nature of the plasma cloud in the reactor (deuterium, hydrogen or simply just lithium 6).
Cycle 2 :
63Li + 32He —> 42He (2,245) + 42He (2,245 ) + p (12,39) 16,878 MeV dar si:
63Li + 32He —> 74Be (25 kev) + 21D (87 kev ) 112,4 Kev 320 mb at 1,6 Mev
63Li + 32He —> 84Be (1,845) + p (14,756) 16,786 Mev
63Li + 42He —> 105B + y for Eα >1,75 Mev 63Li + 42He —> 95B + n for Eα > 3,54 Mev
Cycle 3: 63Li + 21D —> 42He (1,8) + 42He (1,8 ) 22,37 MeV 97 mb/1,3 Mev – 215 mb/1,75 Mev
and where the energy demands of protons accelerated by the Gagarin laser will obviously be much higher. The 6Li + p fusion has the great advantage of reduced neutron emission with the possibility of direct use of atmospheric air as the immediate cooling agent of the reactor.
Well designed Tumansky engine is an environmentally friendly, safe and highly reliable thermonuclear engine.
Tumansky engines can easily allow any well-designed aircraft to reach even orbital speeds if extendable tanks are fitted. The fundamental differences between the Komarov engine and the Tumanski engine are two:
– In the case of the Komarov engine, the residues of the nuclear reactions will be purged directly in the inter-planetary space, while in the case of the Tumanski engine, all the compounds must be recovered from the engine, cooled and possibly stored in the most convenient form.
– In the case of the Tumanski engine, the biggest problem is raised by the moderation of the alpha particles (in the case of the DT reaction) and not the neutrons, however fast they are. In fact, the aneutronic reactions are completely inappropriate for the Tumanski engine because it involves an extremely hot point and from here and a highly pressurized combustion chamber and at the same time that it must also be cooled!
Clearly the Komarov engine is easier to build and obviously much cheaper than the Tumannski engine, the lift in orbit of the Komarov engine is probably – at the beginning of the inter-planetary era – more expensive than the engine itself!
Tumansky engine has a lot of constructive variants for different purposes and somehow behaves and even looks like a stator (ramjet):
Tumansky R-55, for example, is called upon to replace the entire Saturn AL-31 / 41F range with the following features:
1,580 kg weight / 35 tons of force at 20 km altitude, respectively 54 tons force at 38 km altitude and 11,800 km / h when SU-57 behaves like a rocket and can easily reach 80 km altitude.
“Ramjet” mode is obtained when the blades are withdrawn inside main body and this can be done up to 1,600 Km/hour speed. This engine easily can allowed SU-77 (new model) to achieve Mach 8 at 34 km altitude.
Tumansky R-88 with a weight of 4,900 kg and an average thrust of 92 tons and which can be used by Tupolev TU-88 “ARKAN”, which can have the following characteristics:
5 crew, 53 m long and 37 m wingspan
Weight: empty 53 tons, maximum weight at take-off – 128 tons
Powered by 4 Tumansky R-88 engines placed two in two gondolas, each gondola under one wing
Scope and range = unlimited
Maximum speed – 14,800 km / h at 48 km altitude in cruise mode, can reach orbital speed in rocket mode, placing a maximum payload of 8,800 kg in low orbit.
Climbing rate – 180 m / s at maximum 5.4 G
Push power / aircraft weight ratio – 2.95 and structural strength up to 11.5 G.
4 internal chambers located in wings that accommodate 10 hanging pillars that can hold up to 38 devices. 4 beds , 2 showers, one dinning room, 3 chairs for pilot (front), navigator and bomber, 2 backup chairs.
TU-88 Arkan is designated to be strategic patrol plane with normal mission scheduled for 2 up to 12 days.
The TU-88 Arkan with its speed so fast and its cruising altitude so high can easily overtake any defense system in the world and with 75 tonnes hanging under its wings can easily vaporize an area of 820,000 km2 (9.5 Mt. power developed if 38 Kh-102 are installed with fuel tanks loaded 64%).
Tumansky T-990 is designed to replace the Rolls-Royce Trent 900 turbofan engine installed on the giant Airbus 380. This task is much easier due to the much larger available space and less demanding technical requirements – precise cruise altitude, low G and so on. Further.
Tumansky T-990 is available in 9 different versions:
- with 2 bodies in each other and with the reactor arranged in the central body and with a single nozzle
- with 3 bodies in each other and the reactor disposed in the central body and with 2 nozzles (low and high pressure)
- with 3 bodies and 2 reactors + 2 nozzles (low and high pressure)
- with 2 bodies in each other and the reactor disposed in the central body + 2 nozzles (low and high pressure) and radiators attached to the external body
- with 2 bodies and the centrally arranged reactor and with the turbine which directly drives 2 propeller counter-propellers (maximum 780 km / h)
- with 2 bodies and the centrally arranged reactor and with the turbine which directly drives 2 propellers and radiators attached
- with 3 separate bodies aligned horizontally in the central one being 2 reactors and the external bodies having each 2 nozzles (low and high pressure)
- with 3 separate bodies aligned horizontally in the central one being a single reactor and the external bodies having each 2 nozzles (low and high pressure) and radiators attached for cooling the working fluid
- with 3 separate bodies aligned horizontally in the central one being a single reactor and in the external bodies there is a single turbine which directly drives 2 propeller counter-propellers, these external bodies having attached radiators to cool the working fluid (7,400 kgs)
Tumansky T-990 – parameters (design concept July 2015):
Weight – 6,200 kg, maximum thrust – 122 tons – this extraordinary power allows the Airbus 380 to fly only with one engine at cruising altitude and even take off ONLY with an engine if the take-off runway is long enough.
Tumansky thermonuclear engine T-990 – version 4 with external attached heat exchangers and carbon elastic nozzles, 6,500 kgs, 2.3 m diameter / 2.9 m total diameter, nominal power 120 – 135 MW, maximum TUNEG power near technical failure = 380 MW
A combination of Komarov & Tumansky engines can be used by an advanced space shuttle called the Korolev TU-400:
1. An aerial platform with 2 stages originally conceived by me in 2014 under the name of Tupolev TU-400 “KOROLEV” * – something similar to the Saenger plane with the separation altitude at 58 km and where:
1. The first gear will be powered by 4 Tumansky engines called Tumansky M-80 – 8,750 kg – maximum 185 tons of thrust force each, arranged two in 2 gondolas, one gondola under each wing. The first step weighs 244 tons
2. the second gear powered by 4 KOMAROV KM-44 3,200 kg engines with a driving force of up to 155 tonnes each. The second gear weighs 142 tons and can easily place in a low orbit (220 km altitude) a payload of 55-58 tons. The final price per kilogram of payload is approximately $ 14 / kg for 18 years of service / 4 flights per week / full charge per flight (US prices in July 2014) and if the cost of production of the TU-400 is estimated at about US $ 1.620 billion. 22 flights of the TU-400 Korolev are enough to assemble the first Mars interplanetary mission, powered by a KOMAROV KM-200 “MARS” engine – 9,900 kg (rotary nozzle included) – 440 tons of force and can be sent to Mars in less than 3 weeks a net payload of 420 tons / 22 crew members / 22 months survival time (the time calculated from entering Hohmann orbit and arriving at 200 km altitude Mars orbit – no landing time included) . A configuration of 6 KM-200 Mars engines that can push a net payload of 140 tons / 5 crew / 50 months survival time can reach a maximum speed of 164 km / s, which allows the respective interplanetary mission to travel around of 14 million km per day. Thus, Komarov engines are the solution of exploring the Jupiterian system and its subsequent colonization.
* Sergei Pavlovici Korolev – the mind of the Soviet space program – an extraordinary rocket engineer – the father of practical astronautics – the man who sent Gagarin into space.
Of course, there are endless options to use both Komarov and Tumansky engines, as long as only the imagination of man is the limit of our civilization.
published today 23/05/2019 ………………………. revised 22 September 2019
Almost complete list of reactions inside the Tumanski engine:
D(n, γ) 3H Q = 6.257 T(γ, n)D Q = −6.257 D(p, γ) 3He Q = 5.494
D(n, p)2n Q = −2.225 T(γ, p)2n Q = −8.482 D(p, n)2p Q = −2.225
T(n, d)2n Q = −6.257 3He(γ, p)D Q = −5.494 D(d, γ) 4He Q = 23.847
T(n, p)3n Q = −8.482 3He(γ, n)21H Q = −7.718 D(d, n)3He Q = 3.269
3He(n, p)3H Q = 0.764 4He(γ, n)3He Q = −20.578 D(d, p)3H Q = 4.033
3He(n, p)D + n Q = −5.494 4He(γ, p)3H Q = −19.814 D(d, np)D Q = −2.225
3He(n, p)1H + 2n Q = −7.718 6Li(γ, p)5He Q = −4.497 D(d, 2n)2p Q = −4.449
3He(n, d)D Q = −3.27 6Li(γ, n)5Li Q = −5.39
3He(n, γ) 4He Q = 20.578 6Li(γ, d)4He Q = −1.4743 T(t, d)3H + n Q = −6.257
4He(2n, γ) 6He Q = 0.973 6Li(γ, np)4He Q = −3.699 T(p, γ) 4He Q = 19.814
6Li(n, d)5He Q = −2.272 6Li(γ, t)3He Q = −15.795 T(p, n)3He Q = −0.764
6Li(n, 2n)5Li Q = −5.39 7Li(γ, t)4He Q = −2.4670 T(p, d)D Q = −4.033
6Li(n, nd)4He Q = −1.4743 7Li(γ, n)6Li Q = −7.249 T(d, n)4He Q = 17.589
6Li(n, p)6He Q = −2.7254 7Li(γ, 2n)5Li Q = −12.64 T(d, n)3He + n Q = −2.988
6Li(n, t)4He Q = 4.7829 7Li(γ, d)5He Q = −9.522 T(d, γ) 5He Q = 16.792
6Li(n, γ)7Li Q = 7.2499 7Li(γ, p)6He Q = −9.975 T(t, n)5He Q = 10.438
7Li(n, t)5He Q = −3.265 7Li(γ, pn)5He Q = −11.747 T(t, 2n)4He Q = 11.332
7Li(n, α) 3H + n Q = −2.468 T(t, n)5He Q = 10.534
7Li(n, d)6He Q = −7.751
7Li(n, p)7He Q = −10.42
7Li(n, nt)4He Q = −2.4673
3He(d, p)4He Q = 18.353 3He(t, d)4He Q = 14.320 3He(3He, p)5Li Q = 11.17
3He(d, np)3He Q = −2.225 3He(t, γ)6Li Q = 15.7947 3He(3He, γ)6Be Q = 11.488
3He(d, γ) 5Li Q = 16.66 3He(t, d)3He+n Q = −6.257 3He(3He, p)5Li Q = 11.17
3He(d, p)4He Q = 18.35304 3He(t, d)T + p Q = −5.494 3He(3He, 2p)4He Q = 12.86
3He(d, 2p)T Q = −1.46081 3He(t, d)2D Q = −9.526 3He(3He, d)3He + p Q = −5.494
3He(d, 2d)p Q = −5.49349 3He(t, n)5Li Q = 10.41 3He(3He, 3p)T Q = −6.954
3He(t, p)5He Q = 11.298
3He(α, d)5Li Q = −7.18
3He(p, d)2p Q = −5.494
4He(p, γ) 5Li Q = −1.69 4He(p, d)3He Q = −18.353 4He(d, p)5He Q = −3.022
4He(d, pn)4He Q = −2.2246 4He(d, n)5Li Q = −3.91 4He(d, t)3He Q = −14.32
4He(d, γ) 6Li Q = 1.4743 4He(t, γ) 7Li Q = 2.4670 4He(t, n)6Li Q = −4.783
4He(t, p)6He Q = −7.508 4He(3He, d)5Li Q = −7.18 4He(3He, pd)4He Q = −5.493
4He(3He, n)6Be Q = −9.0892 4He(3He, γ)7Be Q = 1.5866
6He(p, np)5He Q = −1.771 6He(p, γ) 7Li Q = 9.9754
6Li(p, d)5Li Q = −3.16 7Li(p, n)7Be Q = −1.6442
6Li(p, pd)4He Q = −1.4743 7Li(p, t)5Li Q = −4.16
6Li(p, pn)5Li Q = −5.39 7Li(p, nd)5Li Q = −10.41
6Li(p, 3He)4He Q = 4.018 7Li(p, 2p)6He Q = −9.975
6Li(p, 2p)5He Q = −4.497 7Li(p, d)6Li Q = −5.0254
6Li(p, n)6Be Q = −5.070 7Li(p, pn)6Li Q = −7.25
6Li(p, γ)7Be Q = 5.6058 7Li(p, pd)5He Q = −9.522
7Li(p, pt)4He Q = −2.4670
6Li(d, α) 4He Q = 22.372 7Li(p, pα) 3H Q = −2.4670
6Li(d, 3He)5He Q = 0.997 7Li(p, α) 4He Q = 17.3468
6Li(d, t)5Li Q = 0.87
6Li(d, n)7Be Q = 3.3812 7Li(d, t)6Li Q = −0.9927
6Li(d, pt)4He Q = 2.5583 7Li(d, 2n)7Be Q = −3.8687
6Li(d, 2p)6He Q = −4.950 7Li(d, α) 5He Q = 14.325
6Li(d, p)7Li Q = 5.0254 7Li(d, n)4He4He Q = 15.1223
6Li(t, 3He)6He Q = −3.489
6Li(3He, α) 5Li Q = 15.19 7Li(t, α) 6He Q = 9.838
6Li(3He, pα) 4He Q = 16.8787 7Li(t, 3He)7He Q = −11.18
6Li(3He, t)6Be Q = −4.3063 7Li(t, 3n)7Be Q = −10.1260
6Li(3He, d)7Be Q = 0.1123
6Li(α, αp)5He Q = −4.497 7Li(3He, pα) 5He Q = 8.831
6Li(6Li, 7Be)5He Q = 1.109 7Li(3He, 3He d)5He Q = −9.522
6Li(6Li, 7Li)5Li Q = 1.86 7Li(3He, dt)5Li Q = −9.65
6Li(6Li, 5He)7Be Q = 1.1091 7Li(3He, p3He)6He Q = −9.975
6Li(6Li, 6Be)6He Q = −7.796 7Li(3He, α) 6Li Q = 13.3277
6Li(6Li, 2d)4He4He Q = −2.9487 7Li(3He, dα) 4He Q = 11.8534
6Li(6Li, α) 4He4He Q = 20.8979 7Li(3He, pd)7Li Q = −5.4935
7Li(3He, t)7Be Q = −0.8804
7Li(6Li, 8Li)5Li Q = −3.36 7Li(p, α) 4He Q = 17.346
7Li(4He, 6Li)5He Q = −8.048 7Li(α, 2α) T Q = −2.4673
7Li(6Li, 7Be)6He Q = −4.370 7Li(7Li, 8Be)6He Q = 7.280
7Li(7Li, 8Li)6Li Q = −5.2171 7Li(7Li, 7Be)7He Q = −12.0641
8Li(p, α) 5He Q = 14.516 8Li(α, αn)7Li Q = −2.0328
7Be(n, p)7Li Q = 1.6441